A concept, a technology, a socio-economic context. Cloud computing has all the requirements to be a major break.
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As shown by researchers Simon Wardley (see below video of one of these conferences) or Scott Stewart ( read his blog ), the extent of cloud computing is comparable to the industrial revolution of the 1750s. And, because of a triple parallel. First, the cloud is characterized by the shift in production to centralized IT infrastructure, but accessible from anywhere as consumables. Almost like a fluid. The concept is similar to the centralization of factories in the 18th century, with a mechanized production to drive down costs. But that only parallel is not enough to justify the approximation. The industrial revolution has been driven by technological factors and socio-economic.
Like the containers in shipping
The appearance of the machine tool and mechanization has enabled plants to manufacture and mass produce. For its part, the revolution is carried by four Cloud technologies: – The progress in terms of parallel computing (ability to spread calculations across multiple machines simultaneously), arising from advances in high performance computing in research, defense, and so on. but also those brought by the web merchant, with his need to process a large number of transactions. Moreover, it is no coincidence that the first major offer from a Cloud of e-commerce, Amazon. – The commoditization of virtualization , technique of operating on a single physical machine several software environments, isolated from each other. One could compare this technology to the appearance of containers in maritime transport: moving from a more or less uncontrolled loading, based on the stacking of containers heterogeneous, with a cargo organized on the basis of standards. – The advent of multi-core processors . By consolidating on a single chip multiple processing units – usually 8 to 12 today – designers of electronic components to provide power to the Cloud to deploy. – The dramatic increase in network throughput, which allows the centralization the machines. If we continue the analogy, the network plays the same role as that of the railroads during the industrial revolution.
Replace investment by operating expenses
Remains the third for the analogy: the socio-economic issues. In the 18th century, the emergence of a very strong demand, driven by a population eager to consume, which has scrambled the industrial revolution. Today, several factors combine to make attractive offers from Cloud. First, the strong pressure exerted by companies to reduce their IT costs, a budget until now poorly controlled and unpredictable. For years, CIOs are struggling with technology accomplished little, difficult to change and maintain. So companies are looking to withdraw their data centers (or data centers) to transform these investment costs in operating expenses. Presumably, the current credit crisis does, however, that this will increase. For if, in theory, a machine costing two to three times more expensive in the Cloud qu’exploitée internally, in practice, this equation s other way around. Indeed, for the balance tips in favor of the internal servers would have to be operated at 80 or 90% of their maximum power. Now IT departments are struggling to develop machines sufficiently charged: it rarely exceeds 30% utilization rate. Second, business needs are not linear in time, forcing them to scale their infrastructure according to the load peaks. In this context, the most economical solution to date is to maintain an infrastructure in-house and will add the ability to spill over into the Cloud to collect peak loads. There is therefore, in business, a need to manage heterogeneous environments need reinforces the nature of Cloud offerings available to date, offers very specific and not open to the outside. Although large data centers for cloud appeared in the United States, there are still places to take in this new industrial revolution.
The law of 2008 will reshuffle the cards between the unions
The Act of August 20, 2008 on the reform of trade union representation is at the heart of the news association. Monday, November 14, Bernard Thibault, secretary general of the CGT, presented to the press, for the first time, accounts certified by an auditor, according to law. The amount of contributions paid by members in 2010 was 79 million euros, of which 52 million were received by the confederation. Contributions and other internal revenue up 73% of total revenues of the plant, 27% revenue from outside, including 6.2 millions of euros of public funding. ” For a European contribution paid by union members , said Thibault, we receive 12 cents of public subsidies . ” The CGT for 2009 669 614 members, including 115,256 retirees. Of 2010, when the exercise is not over, the increase would be 3.6%. According to the plant, 44.8% of union members are public sector and 55.2% of the private sector. The latter percentage is increased to 62.3% in the 36 618 accessions made in 2011.
The reform of trade union representation is the center of the 51st Congress of the French Confederation of Christian Workers (CFTC), which opens Tuesday, November 15 and ends at Poitiers, Friday, Nov. 18, for the election of a new president. Louis Philippe, a former railroad worker in Alsace, 56, should, in principle, to succeed Jacques Voisin, 61, elected in 2002. Mr Voisin had described the reform of trade union representation, implemented by Nicolas Sarkozy, the ” Yalta union. ” As FO and the CFE-CGC, CFTC refused to sign the agreement of April 9, 2008 – legally ” Common Position ” – signed by the CGT and CFDT one hand, the MEDEF and CGPME other, which revolutionized the rules of trade union representation. Mr. Voisin suspected the CGT and the CFDT to want to share space union, eliminating small organizations. The “common position” was almost entirely included in the Act of 2008 20août.
Until then, the representativeness criteria set by the law of 11 February 1950, and that did not account for the electoral support of unions, remained immutable. It is under this Act that the Minister of Social Affairs Jean-Marcel Jeanneney had issued an order dated March 31, 1966, listing the representative confederations. They were five in number: the CGT, FOR, CFDT, CFTC and, ” in terms of professional managers, ” GSC. The five stations were the only legitimate stakeholders of business and government to negotiate. They enjoyed an ” irrebuttable presumption of representativeness “that allowed them to field candidates in the first round of professional elections, without having to prove their presence in the enterprise.
The Act of 2008 defines seven criteria 20août – instead of five – that a union must meet to be representative: the ” respect for republican values ”independence, financial transparency, the minimum period of two years in the field professional hearing electoral influence, “characterized by the activity of the experience” the number of members and contributions. These criteria are cumulative, but that the hearing is considered a de facto pre-eminent.
To be representative in a company, so in order to negotiate a trade union must receive at least 10% of the vote in union elections (works councils and employee representatives). The minimum is 8% in the professional sectors and inter-national. He had been elected under the CGT and the CFDT, to spare the chances of the CFTC to maintain its representativeness. She had obtained 9.7% in the industrial tribunal elections of 2002 and 8.7% than in 2008.
But proponents of reform chose to hold the hearing in professional elections, which the CFTC capped at a lower level (6.8% in 2005). In a company, the loss of representation does not involve the disappearance of the union, but its means are reduced. The steward is replaced by a ” representative of the local union “which no longer has the right to negotiate an agreement but it can prepare a possible reconquest of legitimacy in the next election. For the CFTC, which claims 142,000 members spread over 1145 unions, warning signs have accumulated. It has lost its representation in the civil service and in most public companies to status. Louis Philippe, however, appears optimistic. Finding that the CFTC is ” well established in SMEs and between 9% and 10% in business , “he assures it will maintain its national representativeness. The verditc will be made in the summer of 2013. The High Council of social dialogue will make the “weighing” of unions to set, after the election cycle that began in 2009, the list of national central representative.
For his part, Bernard Thibault believes about the law of 2008 that ” we are not yet out of the way . ” He denounced “gross inequity that exists between the means of ensuring the representation of employees and those who supply the Employer Representation . ” The leader of the CGT is that unions are ” primarily funded by voluntary contributions of employees “while the employers’ organizations are” financed by a fee charged to general expenses of the company “or” share the wealth created in the company . ” Considering this ” abnormal “, he claims” funding rules more equitable, backed by a renewed social democracy . ” Mr. Thibault also wants to open the site of the representativeness of employers’ organizations. A bone of contention with the MEDEF.
SPAIN IN THE MARKET RADAR
Spain is the new potential target of distrust of markets. The country faces a very heavy debt, saw its 10-year rate climbing and more than 6% Monday. New investors worried that, despite the relief that followed the arrival of government technocrats headed by Mario Monti in Italy and Lucas Papademos , Greece.
“What happened in Italy and Greece is positive but the market remains cautious as there is no such strong will in all European countries, including France and Spain” , to take the measures to fight against the debt burden, observed Guillaume Garabedian of Meeschaert Management Policy.
Moreover, in quick succession, two bad news weighed on investor sentiment: against all odds fall in industrial production in September of the euro area and prospects for slower more pronounced in major world economies, according to the indicators the OECD.
“The eurozone is facing a double blow, it is fiscal austerity and rationing of credit” , and the pressure on banks to strengthen their capital base has adverse effects on growth prospects, note Oddo Securities .
“Taxing financial transactions” to finance development aid
Abdou Diouf, Secretary General of the International Organization of la Francophonie | LEMONDE.FR | 03.11.11 | 3:50 p.m. • Updated 03.11.11 | 3:51 p.m.
Secretary General of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie and former president of Senegal (1981-2000), Abdou Diouf calls for the creation of a tax on financial transactions to be presented to the G20 in Cannes, November 3, for Brussels France, in order to fund the development and the fight against climate change in poor countries.
What do you expect the G20 to Cannes?
With Kamalesh Sharma , Commonwealth Secretary-General, we keep we do the lawyers for the most vulnerable countries. Our motto is: “the G20 must take charge of the 173 other countries in the world ” .
In the past, we had argued with some success in reducing the debt of indebted countries. Today we know the goals of the Millennium Development Goals can not be achieved by 2015 if no boost, we focus our advocacy on a doubling of aid.
But do not naïve: rich countries are not able to increase their contribution. In addition, it is no longer just the poverty and hunger that they are fighting , but also the consequences of global warming. We need more resources.
That’s why we asked, Oct. 5, the President Nicolas Sarkozy to plead in Cannes for the creation of innovative financing providing additional funds.
In the form of a tax on financial transactions?
The collection seems to me the most universal, most painless and can generate large amounts of money is a tax of 0.005% on 4000 billion that result in foreign exchange every day.
I know there is no consensus to create . Among his supporters, some Europeans speak of them used to solve fiscal problems in Europe, while in the beginning, this tax was intended exclusively for development aid! We must continue the fight. If we do not solve the problems of developing countries, problems in the North remain unresolved. Let us not forget that terrorism thrives in the fertile soil of poverty and that the South can become a promising market.
If globalization does not offer a more human face, if a better distribution of global wealth is not found, we’ll go from crisis to crisis.
What place do you give to food security?
One gets the impression that for our countries and the international community, the priority given to agriculture is no longer evident. We rushed to the cities and mining supposed to bring wealth. It was often a curse.
We must restore its place in agriculture, finding ways to intensive exploitation for both food and export . It should be dams, as well as irrigation systems, not to mention training agronomists like peasants.
What infrastructure needs to be created to accelerate the development of poor countries?
It states to fix the list. Development assistance is over $ 120 billion per year. Should rise to 300 billion. It will take this effort to make roads, railways, ports, dams and power grids essential. How do you produce in Africa and be competitive when the daily power cuts affect households and businesses across the continent?
Should we not unite forces for development?
This was the fight of my political life. In Africa, after the fall of apartheid, I dreamed of five federations (north, west, east, central and south) in which the States have made real loss of sovereignty. A confederation would have gathered at the continental level.
These major markets were the guarantee of a real economic boost. There was no meeting and nothing happened as I was dreaming! I keep nostalgia.
Are you pessimistic?
When I see the slowness with which things fall into place, I am pessimistic. But the faith and will make me optimistic.
What advice would you give to Europe in crisis?
The European Union has long been a model and its progress comforted me. His watchword should be solidarity. If it had exercised more efficiently and faster, we would have avoided the general pessimism and the serious difficulties that result.
National interests and elections are important, but the statesman is one who is the next election, but the viewer the next century and who prefer to lose an election, provided he commits his country in the right direction.
LONDON CORRESPONDENT – have in common Mario Draghi , Mario Monti , and Lucas Papademos ? The new president of the European Central Bank, the Chairman of the Board appointed the new Italian and Greek Prime Minister belong to varying degrees “Government Sachs” European. The U.S. investment bank has indeed woven in Europe a unique network of influence for ages sedimented through a dense network, such as underground public.
In any contest, you need a hierarchy. The first prize went to Mario Draghi, of course, vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs in Europe between 2002 and 2005. Named a partner, he is responsible “companies and sovereign” . In this way , one of the missions is to sell the financial product “swap” to cover a portion of sovereign debt, which helped make up the Greek accounts. Then Mario Monti, advisor International since 2005. Came third Lucas Papademos, who comes to be appointed prime minister of Greece, who was Governor of the Central Bank Hellenic between 1994 and 2002, who participated in this respect to the operation of faking accounts perpetrated by GS. The manager of the Greek debt is also a Petros Christodoulos , a former trader for the firm.
Two other trucks take the upper hand in the defenestration of the euro, Otmar Issing , former president of the Bundesbank and Jim O’Neill, the inventor of the concept of BRICS, the acronym for emerging markets with high potential growth (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Former president of Goldman Sachs International where he remained a director, Irishman Peter Sutherland has played a key role in the rescue of Ireland. Finally, Paul Deighton , who spent 22 years at Goldman Sachs, is executive director of the organizing committee of the London Olympics in 2012. The red lantern because everyone knows that sport is like friendship standout.
Yet, beyond appearances, the network of influence that has made its power before or during the political turmoil in financial 2008 has lost its effectiveness. Indeed, the old accomplices maintained by the former senior central bankers mobilized to pull the strings appear to be less useful against politicians sensitive to the unpopularity of financial professionals held responsible for the crisis. Where Goldman Sachs could easily exert his talents, a series of cases – Greece, speculation against the Euro, the Abacus scandal which was involved the French goldmanien Tourre – put him back in the public.
The address book is useful but not sufficient by itself a complex and technical financial world and facing a new generation of industrial least steeped in respect for the establishment. The European managers set out to conquer the world have emancipated the Crusaders of high finance style Goldman Sachs. The quest for value of the shareholder, the requirements of transparency of accounts and the imperatives of foreign expansion blunt the “network effect” . Finally, become more demanding about the quality and independence of business consulting, European customers, but not limited to requiring compliance with a minimum of ethics.
And that’s where the rub about Goldman Sachs. Because the bank likes to put his men never let down the mask. That is why his henchmen hide this relationship when they give an interview or conduct an official mission (as was the case of Monti who has been entrusted in 2010 a study on the single European market by the President of the Commission, José Manuel Barroso).
Mario Draghi asserts that took office in 2002, it had nothing to see with makeup accounts Greek orchestrated two years earlier by the bank. And resigned in 2005, one year before Goldman Sachs sell a part of “swap” in question to the National Bank of Greece, the first commercial bank in the country, headed by a former Goldmanien, Petros Christodoulos today head of the agency managing the Greek debt.
LONDON CORRESPONDENT – have in common Mario Draghi , Mario Monti , and Lucas Papademos ? The new president of the European Central Bank, the Chairman of the Board appointed the new Italian and Greek Prime Minister belong to varying degrees “Government Sachs” European. The U.S. investment bank has indeed woven in Europe a unique network of influence for ages sedimented through a dense network, such as underground public.
In any contest, you need a hierarchy. The first prize went to Mario Draghi, of course, vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs in Europe between 2002 and 2005. Named a partner, he is responsible “companies and sovereign” . In this way , one of the missions is to sell the financial product “swap” to cover a portion of sovereign debt, which helped make up the Greek accounts. Then Mario Monti, advisor International since 2005. Came third Lucas Papademos, who comes to be appointed prime minister of Greece, who was Governor of the Central Bank Hellenic between 1994 and 2002, who participated in this respect to the operation of faking accounts perpetrated by GS. The manager of the Greek debt is also a Petros Christodoulos , a former trader for the firm.
Two other trucks take the upper hand in the defenestration of the euro, Otmar Issing , former president of the Bundesbank and Jim O’Neill, the inventor of the concept of BRICS, the acronym for emerging markets with high potential growth (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Former president of Goldman Sachs International where he remained a director, Irishman Peter Sutherland has played a key role in the rescue of Ireland. Finally, Paul Deighton , who spent 22 years at Goldman Sachs, is executive director of the organizing committee of the London Olympics in 2012. The red lantern because everyone knows that sport is like friendship standout.
Yet, beyond appearances, the network of influence that has made its power before or during the political turmoil in financial 2008 has lost its effectiveness. Indeed, the old accomplices maintained by the former senior central bankers mobilized to pull the strings appear to be less useful against politicians sensitive to the unpopularity of financial professionals held responsible for the crisis. Where Goldman Sachs could easily exert his talents, a series of cases – Greece, speculation against the Euro, the Abacus scandal which was involved the French goldmanien Tourre – put him back in the public.
The address book is useful but not sufficient by itself a complex and technical financial world and facing a new generation of industrial least steeped in respect for the establishment. The European managers set out to conquer the world have emancipated the Crusaders of high finance style Goldman Sachs. The quest for value of the shareholder, the requirements of transparency of accounts and the imperatives of foreign expansion blunt the “network effect” . Finally, become more demanding about the quality and independence of business consulting, European customers, but not limited to requiring compliance with a minimum of ethics.
And that’s where the rub about Goldman Sachs. Because the bank likes to put his men never let down the mask. That is why his henchmen hide this relationship when they give an interview or conduct an official mission (as was the case of Monti who has been entrusted in 2010 a study on the single European market by the President of the Commission, José Manuel Barroso).
Mario Draghi asserts that took office in 2002, it had nothing to see with makeup accounts Greek orchestrated two years earlier by the bank. And resigned in 2005, one year before Goldman Sachs sell a part of “swap” in question to the National Bank of Greece, the first commercial bank in the country, headed by a former Goldmanien, Petros Christodoulos today head of the agency managing the Greek debt.
FORMER VICE PRESIDENT OF THE ECB
He returned to Greece to occupy the position of chief economist at the Bank of Greece in 1985 and became governor in 1994. It will be one of the actors of the passage of the drachma to the euro, before becoming Vice President of the European Central Bank from 2002 to 2010. Within the “board” of the ECB, this team of six persons running the daily business, Mr. Papademos was then specifically charged with ensuring the financial stability issues, legal affairs and administration.
It is described as a person highly respected by his peers for his skills and serious, always played in the direction of the collective and for the good of the institution. “He was very marked by a keen sense of diplomacy, not trying not to put forward and to always consensus, says a former member of the ECB. At the head of the Greek government, however, it will learn to resolve hard to make malcontents ” .
Informal Council
He repeatedly expressed for structural reforms and austerity measures to recover the Greek economy. But in a forum of October 21 published in the Financial Times , Lucas Papademos spoke, echoing the consistent position of his former institution, the ECB against increasing the “haircut” (discount) applied to private creditors Greece, which was finally ratified by the European Summit of 27 October .
Since leaving the European bank, he played a role of advisor informal economic issues, with Mr. Papandreou. Mr Papademos also teaches economics at Harvard. Its course is entitled: “The global financial crisis: Responses and Policy Challenges” . It will have the opportunity to move from theory to practice.